{"version":1,"type":"rich","provider_name":"Libsyn","provider_url":"https:\/\/www.libsyn.com","height":90,"width":600,"title":"306. Summary: The Triumph of Doubt by David Michaels","description":"We trust the food we eat, the drinks we drink, and the air we breathe are safe. That in case they\u2019re unsafe, someone is working to minimize our exposure, or at least tell us the risks. In The Triumph of Doubt, former head of OSHA David Michaels reveals how companies fight for their rights to sell harmful products, expose workers to health hazards, and pollute the environment. They do it by manufacturing so-called \u201cscience.\u201d Most this science is built not upon proving they\u2019re not causing harm, but by doing whatever they can to cast doubt. Here, in my own words, is a summary of The Triumph of Doubt: Dark Money and the Science of Deception. Products we use every day cause harm Chances are you\u2019ve cooked on a pan coated with Teflon. Teflon is one of many polyfluoroalkyl substances, or PFAS. When introduced in the 1940s, they were considered safe. We now know they\u2019re linked with high cholesterol, poor immune function, cancer, obesity, birth defects, and low fertility. PFAS, it turns out, have such a long half-life, they\u2019re called \u201cforever chemicals.\u201d PFAS can now be found in the blood of virtually all residents of the United States, and have been found in unsafe levels worldwide \u2013 in rainwater. You\u2019ve probably heard that, in moderation, alcohol is actually good for you. But even one drink a day leads to higher overall mortality risk. More than one drink, greater risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Alcohol is a causal factor in 5% of deaths worldwide \u2013 about 3 million a year. 13.5% of deaths between ages 20\u201339 are alcohol-related. If you\u2019re in pain after an injury or surgery, your doctor might prescribe for you an opioid. But the rise in opioid addiction is responsible for the first drop in U.S. life expectancy in more than two decades. It\u2019s sent shockwaves throughout society. It\u2019s helped launch the epidemics of fentanyl and heroin overdoses, and the number of children in foster care in West Virginia, for example, rose 42% in four years. You might love to watch professional football. But NFL players are nineteen times more likely to develop neurological disorders, and thirty percent could develop Alzheimer\u2019s or dementia from taking so many hits. The \u201cproduct defense\u201d industry sows doubt How have they done it? How have companies been able to manufacture and sell products that cause so much harm, for so long? They do it by defending their products, when the safety of those products are questioned. On the surface, that\u2019s not so bad. But besides lying and deliberately deceiving, they abuse society\u2019s trust in so-called \u201cscience,\u201d and our lack of understanding of how much we risk when we move forward while still in doubt. The tobacco industry is a pioneer of product defense There\u2019s an entire industry that helps companies defend their products from regulation: It\u2019s called, appropriately, product defense. The tobacco industry is most-known for its product defense. In 1953, John W. Hill of the PR firm Hill & Knowlton convinced the tobacco industry to start \u2013 one floor below his office in the Empire State Building \u2013 the Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC). The TIRC was supposed to do rigorous scientific research to understand the health effects of smoking, but mostly they just attacked existing science, doing what they could to sow doubt. Just a few years earlier, in 1950, a study had found heavy smokers were fifty times as likely as nonsmokers to get lung cancer. With the help of the TIRC, it would take a long time for these health risks to influence public policy. About thirty years later, most states had restricted smoking in some public places such as auditoriums and government buildings. Smoking had proliferated in American culture when cigarettes had been provided in soldiers\u2019 rations in WWI. Michaels describes one surgeon who, in 1919, made sure not to miss an autopsy of a man who had died of lung cancer, because it was the chance of a lifetime. He didn\u2019t see another case of lung cancer for seventeen years, then saw eight within six months. All eight had started smoking while serving in the war. Today, more than a century after cigarettes were widely introduced, we\u2019ve finally seen a massive reduction in smoking in the U.S. We can fly on planes and go to restaurants and even bars, without being exposed to secondhand smoke. The sugar industry has been at it even longer Predating the product defense efforts of the tobacco industry is actually the sugar industry. The Sugar Research Foundation was started in 1943. Scientific evidence first linked sugar with heart disease in the 1950s. In 1967, as Dr. Robert Lustig told us, Harvard scientists published in the New England Journal of Medicine an article blaming fat rather than sugar for heart disease. Fifty years later UCSF researchers discovered the scientists had been funded by the Sugar Research Foundation \u2013 which they hadn\u2019t disclosed. Even more misleadingly, they had disclosed funding that actually made them look more impartial \u2013 from the dairy industry. Companies and industries set up \u201castroturfing\u201d organizations The Sugar Research Foundation and the Tobacco Industry Research Committee are are early examples of \u201castroturfing\u201d organizations. This tactic of the product defense industry involves setting up organizations with innocent- or even charitable-sounding names, then doing low-quality research to defend a company or industry\u2019s interests. The American Council for Science and Health has published articles opposing regulation of mercury emissions, and attacked science finding harm in consumption of sugar and alcohol. When the National Football League was first looking into the effects of playing their sport, they formed the MTBI. the \u201cM\u201d in MTBI gave away their stance: TBI stands for Traumatic Brain Injuries, and this committee formed for finding the effects of brain injuries was called the Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries committee. The alcohol industry set up the Alcoholic Beverage Medical Research Foundation. The first board of directors included Peter Stroh, William K. Coors, and August A. Busch III. Their first president, Thomas B. Turner, was former dean of Johns Hopkins University Medical School, a tie of which they made good use in promoting their agenda \u2013 more on that in a bit. The American Pain Foundation ran campaigns to make pain medication more widely available for veterans, running ads reminding patients of their \u201cright\u201d to pain treatment. Astroturfing organizations are funded by \u201cDark Money\u201d Astroturfing organizations are funded by so-called \u201cDark Money\u201d. In other words, they do whatever they can to hide where their funding comes from, lest their biases become obvious. The American Council for Science and Health claims much of their funding comes from private foundations, but investigative reports have found 58% of it coming straight from industry, and that many of those private foundations have ties to corporations. Leaked documents show a huge list of corporate donors including McDonald\u2019s, 3M, and Coca-Cola. The NFL\u2019s MTBI committee\u2019s papers included a statement saying, \u201cnone of the Committee members has a financial or business relationship posing a conflict of interest.\u201d Yet the committee consisted entirely of people on the NFL\u2019s payroll: team physicians, athletic trainers, and equipment managers. Documents collected by the New York Times revealed that administrators at the The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism wanted to do a randomized clinical trial on the effects of alcohol. To fund the study, they went to industry, calling it \u201ca unique opportunity to show that moderate alcohol consumption is safe.\u201d They were going into the study with the conclusions already in mind, saying, \u201cone of the important findings will be showing that moderate drinking is safe.\u201d Several companies pledged nearly $68 million toward the $100 million budget. As part of the National Institutes of Health \u2013 a federal organization \u2013 the NIAAA was pitching this as a chance for the alcohol industry to use a government-funded study to prove their product was safe. Money directly from alcohol manufacturers was to be routed through the NIH Foundation, since it\u2019s illegal for private companies to fund government studies. When the Senate Finance Committee began investigating ties between the American Pain Foundation and pharmaceutical companies, the APF quickly dissolved, apparently knowing what would be found otherwise. Besides private foundations, straight-up lying, and routing money through a federal foundation, another way of keeping money \u201cdark\u201d is by taking advantage of attorney-client privilege. By having the law firm pay accomplices, even if there\u2019s a lawsuit, the documents are private. Using connections and flawed science to manufacture pseudo-events When corporations do get studies published about the risks of using their products, they\u2019re often low-quality studies. If they don\u2019t deliberately conceal their findings, they often use their connections to create what are essentially pseudo-events to prop up their flawed conclusions. Internal documents from DuPont show they knew the PFAS in Teflon was a problem. In 1970, they found it in their factory worker\u2019s blood. In 1981, 3M told them it caused birth defects in rats, and DuPont\u2019s own workers\u2019 children had birth defects at a high rate. In 1991, DuPont set an internal safety limit of 1 ppb. Meanwhile, they found a local water district had three times that amount. In 2002, they set up a so-called \u201cindependent\u201d panel in West Virginia, and set a safe limit at 150 times their own internal safety limit \u2013 so they\u2019d have less-strict standards for polluting their community\u2019s drinking water. In 2016, the Environmental Protection Agency set a safe limit of 70 ppt (trillion!) \u2013 less than one-one-hundredth DuPont\u2019s previous internal safety limit. The NFL did very little for many years to ask serious questions about the long-term effects on their players. When players Junior Seau and Dave Duerson committed suicide, they both shot themselves in the chest instead of the head, so their brain tissue could be studied after their deaths. The MTBI argued that players were clearly fine if they returned to play shortly after concussions. They abused the concept of survivorship bias, arguing that those who didn\u2019t drop out of football in college or high school and made it to the pros were more resistant to brain injury. The editor of the journal, Neurosurgery, which published MTBI\u2019s papers, was a medical consultant to the New York Giants, and later to the commissioner\u2019s office \u2013 a clear conflict of interest. I mentioned earlier the first president of the alcohol industry\u2019s ABMRF was a former dean of Johns Hopkins. When ABMRF published a study, the Johns Hopkins press office would issue a press-release, which would instantly make the study seem more credible. One of the studies that has proliferated throughout media and culture, finding that moderate alcohol use is actually good for you, was a door-to-door survey \u2013 a very flawed methodology. Non-drinkers in a study are likely to include people who don\u2019t drink because they\u2019re already sick, or are former abusers of alcohol. One of the main \u201cpapers\u201d the pharma industry used to defend their positions that opioids had a low risk of addiction was, from 1980, a five-sentence letter to the editor of the New England Journal of Medicine. It\u2019s a letter, not a paper \u2013 there was no peer review. It has been cited hundreds of times in medical literature \u2013 often by researchers with ties to opioid manufacturers. TIME magazine unfortunately called it a \u201clandmark study.\u201d (This is a great example of a pseudo-event: the proliferation of flawed information throughout media made it accepted as true.) The double-standard in access to study data The papers that do get published by the product-defense industry are usually not original studies. They\u2019re often reanalysis of existing data. Industry takes advantage of the Shelby Amendment, which the tobacco industry promoted under the guise of concern over pollution. The Shelby Amendment requires federally-funded researchers to share any data they collect. In this way, industry can reanalyze the data in ways that arrive at any conclusion they want. So, \u201cre-analysis\u201d has its own cottage industry within product defense. When industry does conduct original studies, they don\u2019t have to share their data, and so it isn\u2019t subject to the same scrutiny. Manufacturing doubt in other industries The Triumph of Doubt goes on and on with examples of deception and collusion from various industries. Some other highlights: Volkswagen installed a device in their diesel cars to detect when their emissions were being tested. The device would activate, causing the car to pollute forty times less, only when being tested. Johnson & Johnson knew as early as 1971 their baby powder was contaminated with asbestiform particles \u2013 asbestos-like particles that cause cancer \u2013 but pressured scientists to not report them. Monsanto publishes many studies in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, which Michaels calls \u201ca known haven for science produced by corporate consultants.\u201d Many authors have done work for Monsanto, don\u2019t disclose their conflicts of interest, and have denied Monsanto had reviewed their papers \u2013 later litigation showed they had. Should chemicals be innocent until proven guilty? There\u2019s a concept called the precautionary principle. It states that when we know little about what the consequences of an action will be, we should err on the side of caution. If a new chemical is developed, we should wait before we let it get into our food and water. If a new technology is invented, we should wait until we introduce it to society. In criminal courts, a defendant is innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. We like this, because we hate the idea of someone being thrown in jail despite being innocent. And we can physically remove someone dangerous from society and more or less stop them from continuing to harm others. Criminal harm can be halted, chemical harm cannot But this is also our policy for chemicals, drugs, and potentially dangerous activities. We have an extremely high bar for deciding something is harmful enough we should reduce our exposure to it. OSHA \u2013 the Occupational Safety and Health Administration \u2013 has exposure limits for only 500 of the many thousands of chemicals used in commerce. Because the regulatory process is so onerous, Michaels says, in the half-century OSHA has been around, they\u2019ve updated only twenty-seven of those 500. Yet, as with PFAS, even after we start reducing our exposure, the effects of harmful substances keep going. As one Stockholm University scientist has said about PFAS in rainwater, \u201cWe just have to wait...decades to centuries.\u201d And, unlike a criminal court, where the only people motivated to keep from punishing a defendant are the defendant\u2019s lawyers and family members, huge networks of people stand to profit from harmful products \u2013 executives, shareholders, and entire industries have the incentives to conspire and collude. Balancing harm with innovation On the other hand, the precautionary principle can slow or halt innovation. Many products that may be harmful may also be useful. Teflon and other PFAS have a huge number of applications. Supposedly it\u2019s been replaced by other chemicals in cookware \u2013 though they\u2019re probably similar (taking advantage of loopholes in the slow regulatory process). Supposedly exposure potential from cooking is low \u2013 but you know now how hard it is to \u201ctrust the science.\u201d As horrifying as some of these abuses of science are, you can\u2019t be horrified by them without at least some sympathy for those who didn\u2019t want to get the COVID vaccine: If a product is immediately harmful to everyone who takes it, that\u2019s easy to prove. But could it harm some people in the long term? It\u2019s nearly impossible to be sure. There\u2019s more money and power behind sowing reasonable doubt than behind exposing sources of harm. Meanwhile, it\u2019s easy to sow and abuse the existence of doubt, and that\u2019s why it\u2019s the main tactic used in product defense. There\u2019s your summary of The Triumph of Doubt If you liked this summary, you\u2019ll probably like The Triumph of Doubt. As a career regulator, Michaels comes off as somewhat biased, clearly partisan at times, a little shrill with his use of dramatic terms such as \u201cBig Tobacco\u201d and \u201cBig Sugar.\u201d Get ready for lots of alphabet soup, as you try to keep track of the myriad agencies and foundations identified by acronyms. Because of media\u2019s key role in the doubt-sowing Michaels writes about, I\u2019ll be adding this as an honorable mention on my best media books list. About Your Host, David Kadavy David Kadavy is author of Mind Management, Not Time Management, The Heart to Start and Design for Hackers. Through the Love Your Work podcast, his Love Mondays newsletter, and self-publishing coaching David helps you make it as a creative. Follow David on: Twitter Instagram Facebook YouTube Subscribe to Love Your Work Apple Podcasts Overcast Spotify Stitcher YouTube RSS Email New bonus content on Patreon! I've been adding lots of new content to Patreon. Join the Patreon \u00bb       Show notes: https:\/\/kadavy.net\/blog\/posts\/triumph-of-doubt\/ ","author_name":"Love Your Work","author_url":"http:\/\/kadavy.net\/blog\/archive\/love-your-work\/","html":"