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episode 34: Rust, coroutines and cohosting
Finally, the "we" in announcements doesn't just mean the royal we / majestic plural, but there's an actual co-host! Introduction is in the audio contents, so I guess you'll just have to listen. </clickbait> We talk about first contact with the Rust programming language, coroutines for implementing lightweight tasks/threads, various smaller topics and some upcoming events.  Links: Rust programming language: Discover the world of microcontrollers through Rust! The Embedded Rust Book LLVM Intermediate representation Coroutines / protothreads: Coroutines and simpler protothreads for building stackless cooperative tasks Protothreads under the hood: Duff's device or GCC's computed goto convoluted example: 6502 asm + Tcl = protothreads short video of VGA generator board in action RetroChallenge 2019/03 (whole month of March) is open Maker Faire Ruhr (DASA, Dortmund, DE): 23+24 March HCC!retro meeting (Bilthoven, NL): 16 March Here's a code snippet hopefully illustrating what I called "coroutines" and should probably have been called "protothreads". Function "print_2nd_word" is a protothread. It can be called repeatedly passing a character each time. Only the 2nd word is printed, one character at a time. void print_2nd_word( char c ) { CR_BEGIN; while ( c != ' ' ) CR_YIELD; CR_YIELD; // skip space while ( c != ' ' ) { putchar( c ); CR_YIELD; } } To do this, the function keeps track of where it exited last time it was called, using a number of macros: #define CR_BEGIN static void *jmp = &&lbl_crstart; goto *jmp; lbl_crstart: ( void )jmp; #define CR_YIELD do { jmp = &&GLUE( lbl, __LINE__ ); return; GLUE( lbl, __LINE__ ): ( void )jmp; } while ( 0 ) "CR_BEGIN" is basically setup-code. "CR_YIELD" is the simplest primitive in this context, and does: exit the protothread function, and resume at this point next time it's called. More advanced macros - e.g. to repeatedly wait for an event - can be built on top of, or in the same way as "CR_YIELD". Note that these macros use GCC's "computed gotos" (i.e. take the address of a C label, and jump to that address using "goto"). Here's an implementation of both macros using ANSI C: #define CR_BEGIN static int cr_st = 0; switch( cr_st ) { case 0: ; #define CR_YIELD do { cr_st = __LINE__; return; case __LINE__: ; } while( 0 ) #define CR_END CR_YIELD; } (In this case, an additional macro "CR_END" is necessary as glue to conform to C syntax/nesting.)   Funfact: it's a bit of a PITA to add sourcecode to this page.
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